The Leadership Of The Nursing - 1180 Words

Leadership in Nursing Florence Nightingale once said, â€Å"May we hope that when we are all dead and gone, leaders will arise who have been personally experienced in the hard, practical work, the difficulties and the joys of organizing nursing reforms, and who will lead far beyond anything we have done† (as cited in Hassmiller, 2010, p. 2). The development of leaders in nursing is one of the most important tasks the nursing community faces today. Nurses in all positions should possess the basic leadership qualities of innovation, motivation, kindness, and approachability. Those nurses with exceptional leadership skills have the opportunity to lead the health care system as a whole in transforming policies and shaping how the world views patient care. Leadership is defined in many different ways. Most definitions include having â€Å"power, influence, followership, dynamic personality, charisma, goals, autocratic behavior, innovation, cleverness, warmth and kindness† (C urtis, de Vries, Sheerin, 2011, p.1). People with different personalities often have different leadership styles. These styles include servant, transformational, and autocratic. A servant leader is a person creates caring relationships with each individual within the team, is authentic, open and accountable, listens without imposing judgment, and builds community by showing appreciation. They believe in sharing the power and helping others reach their fullest potential. This type of leader takes into considerationShow MoreRelatedNursing Leadership1115 Words   |  5 Pages Nursing professionals are the principal embodiment amongst the healthcare team, indicating that nursing services play an integral part in the productivity of the clinical environment and predominately determines the satisfaction level of the patients being cared for (Gabi, Kontodimopoulos, Niakas, 2013). More importantly, lack of productively by healthcare workers care can contribute towards the quality of care services provided if nursing staff are lacking support, poorRead MoreNursing Leadership931 Words   |  4 Pages Nursing Leadership Introduction Organizational structures play a vital role in the creation of the favorable environment for client centered care. It determines how information systems adopted are used. The organizational structure highlights the nature of communication within a companys decision-making techniques and habits of the health agency. Functional and service line structures are extremely prominent in health settings as they determine how activities are run within this industryRead MoreLeadership in Nursing3868 Words   |  16 Pagesmanagement and leadership of the nursing and health care team. Appropriate management and leadership theories will be used to support the issues which would be discussed in this essay. A critical analyses of the event we be carried out. Confidentiality will be maintained. Name and places used in this essay will be changed to maintain confidentiality in accordance to the Nursing and Midwifery council (NMC, 2008). Database search was carried out MEDLINE, CINAHL, BRITISH NURSING INDEX Read MoreNursing Leadership And Advocacy : Nursing1454 Words   |  6 PagesNursing Leadership and Advocacy Nursing leaders promote individuals to reach their highest potential. They provide guidance and direction to reach goals and visions in healthcare. Advocacy means to support a cause as defined by Merriam-Webster (2015). An advocate supports the interest of a person or patient. A successful advocate uses skills which combine collaboration, influence, problem solving, and communication per the ANA (2015). Personal and Professional Accountability Personal growthRead MoreLeadership Characteristics Of Nursing Leadership Essay1631 Words   |  7 PagesNursing leadership plays an important role in the ability to improve the quality of care that is available to the patient, but in order to be able to reach this capacity of â€Å"change and innovation [it] requires a clinical leader mind-set that includes a strong personal awareness of one’s strengths and vulnerability, openness to other ideas, courage to challenge the status quo, and a highly developed comfort with rational risk taking† (Porter-O’Grady, 2013, p.71). The application of these leadershipRead MoreLeadership : Nursing Leadership And Management1210 Words   |  5 Pagesstudies NURS330: Nursing Leadership and Management Instructor: Pat Howell February21, 2016 â€Æ' Leader Reflection The word leadership bring a lot of images to my mind It is very important for leader in any organization because a manager assists in providing direction toward goals in the organization. As a nurse leader I want to be a leader who eat last, who make everyone feel like they belong to the organization and make people respect me Ruther than fear my leadership. According to JamesRead MoreNursing: Transformational Leadership1156 Words   |  5 Pageseverything with the patient before and after the surgery. The type of leadership management that I would use would be transformational leadership style. Transformational leadership motivates and empowers others to cause an innovation or change. It also focuses on the values of the individual and provides a vision based on similar values of the group (Harkness, DeMarco, 2012). I think that this leadership style is useful in nursing because it allows open interaction between the leaders and the followersRead MoreDemocratic Leadership in Nursing1707 Words   |  7 Pages(Rogers, 2012). Moreover, the several leadership styles that we have discussed in class can either complement or diminish the standards of practice. These styles include autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire, and participative. However, this paper will focus on the democratic style which I have identified as my own leadership style. Personal Leadership Style To begin, there are many personal characteristics that have led me to identify with the democratic leadership style. A democratic leader is oneRead MoreNursing Leadership Essay1219 Words   |  5 Pagesorganization and many aspects of the role would be further developed during the probationary period. After the initial assessment, which was completed during the ninety-day probationary period, it became obvious that although the role was to focus on nursing quality and informatics, neither could be improved without a strong clinical education department. Therefore, the role was expanded to include operational responsibility for the staff development and training department. Although this expansion wasRead MoreTransformational Leadership in Nursing1008 Words   |  5 PagesTransformational Leadership In today’s healthcare system, effective leadership is essential to improving and reaching organizational outcomes. A leader is someone with the ability to influence others but, an effective leader uses positive strategies to inspire employees to work towards the same goal. Leadership in nursing requires a constant effort to motivate others to become part of the organizational transformation. This can be achieved using a transformational leadership style with a

Business Case analysis Example

Essays on Business Case analysis Case Study Neiman Marcus Case Study The problem is that Neiman Marcus is unsure about how to go about sustaining growth in the short term future. Robert Smith,the President and Co-Chief Operating Officer of Harcourt General and Chief Executive Officer of the Neiman Marcus Group, Inc., thought that the opening of new Galleries may revitalize the organization. Something needs to be done about Neiman Marcus’ growth, which has remained steady over the last few years. The existing business model in the U.S. has been successful, but it no longer allows for any expansion. Because Neiman Marcus caters specifically to high value customers, it is difficult to increase sales without dropping down to a lower quality of goods. Burton Tansky, President and Chief Operating Officer of Neiman Marcus Group, has come up with five ways for Neiman Marcus to grow without looking for outside help: 1. Customer by customer – a higher wallet-share can be captured by increasing the share of customer spending 2. Developing new stores from a full-line store model – there are limited opportunities to grow 3. New space within current stores – this is the safest and most likely option because it has already proven successful 4. Introduce new retail concepts – customer loyalty programs are the key to increasing customer share 5. Acquiring new franchises – expand existing portfolio by diversifying products Previously, Neiman Marcus has focused on the third of these, expanding the existing space within stores. This was extremely successful in Beverly Hills and Houston. However, the COO of Neiman Marcus feels that the Galleries of Neiman Marcus will be the force that causes significant growth in the market. I feel that this strategy will prove to be a success because of the high percentage of baby boomers in the market. These people are now in their 50’s and 60’s and are is the ideal target market range. The ideal target range for Neiman Marcus is those aged between 45 and 54 and with incomes of over $100,000 because these people make the fastest growing age segment of the U.S. population. The downside for Neiman Marcus’ target segment is that it only represents 3% on the U.S. population. Although, the goal for Neiman is to serve the luxury customer, so only a small percentage of the total population can fit into this category. In order to sustain market growth, I would advise Neiman Marcus to continue with its InCircle program. The reason why this segment is so important is because they represent more than half of Neiman Marcus’ profits, and thus should be treated with respect and kindness. The rewards system is good to maintain customer loyalty, but more needs to be done to attract new customers. The other customer target groups, namely clearance customers, special occasion customers, and career clothing shoppers, should have efforts made to entice them too. One such solution to this would be to try to attract these customers into the InCircle customers. This could be done by offering weekly trials of the InCircle program so that these customers could get a taste of what it is like to be an InCircle customer.

The Alli Weight Loss Advertisement Free Essays

Alli Weight Loss Plan Advertisement The â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement in the January 18th 2010 issue of People magazine is effective because of the informational packed two-page spread, the vibrant multicolored picture, and the way the bold banner intertwines with the emotion in the picture. The â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement is effective because of the informational packed two paged spread. The first page has six separate informative blocks, with breaks in between the different blocks, to give the reader a chance to interpret the information. We will write a custom essay sample on The Alli Weight Loss Advertisement or any similar topic only for you Order Now The second page is completely covered in a vibrant colorful picture. Consequently, Attention is drawn to reading the six separate topics and viewing the colorful picture. The â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement contains six informational blocks, each with different brilliant colored titles. Topics the advertisement covers consist of educational information, nutritional information, and governmental information. The first block written in red is titled, â€Å"you and food. The first block covers the relationship between the reader and food, whether or not that relationship is healthy. The first block also entices the reader and relates to the potential consumer, identifying the problem and offering them a solution. The second block is titled, â€Å"real hunger†, in green and describes symptoms of real hunger. Examples from the second block are: real hunger â€Å"grows gradually†, real hunger is when â€Å"you’ll eat anything†, and real hunger is when â€Å"you feel good after eating. The third block is titled â€Å"emotional hunger†, and is colored blue. The third block describes signs of emotional hunger; one example is: emotional hunger is when â€Å"you feel guilty after eating. † The fourth block is titled â€Å"you can eat healthier for life†, and is colored red. The fourth block explains that the Alli Weight Loss Plan can help learn the healthy way to eat and to lose weight. The fifth block is titled â€Å"you can lose weight without losing your love for food†, and is colored green. The fifth block describes how Alli Weight Loss Plan works to boost weight loss. The advertisement emphasizes that consumers taking Alli can still enjoy their favorite foods just in smaller portions. The final block is colored in yellow and is titled â€Å"you can lose weight easier with support. † The sixth block explains how Alli Weight Loss Plan users will be able to have personalized weight plans made for them on myali. com. There is also a small sub topic that states Alli is FDA- approved, which assures readers that the Alli Weight Loss Plan is safe and legitimate. All six blocks provide readers with plentiful amounts of educational, nutritional, and governmental information about the Alli Weight Loss Plan that helps readers decide if the product is for them. The second page of the Alli Weight Loss Plan advertisement is a vividly bright picture of a late twenties to early thirties brunette woman grocery shopping. The young lady has her head thrown way back and has a confident smile on her face. The young lady is pushing a grocery cart bursting at the seams with healthy foods, such as huge succulent pineapple. The background is blurred on the intense, colorful picture, but can still be interpreted as a grocery isle of a grocery store. The second page of the â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement has an excellent picture, which gives the reader an insight of what the advertisement is about. The bold colorful banner intertwines with the emotion of the vibrant colorful picture. The banner is titled â€Å"eat healthier, live happier. † The vibrant picture shows the exact emotion of the banner. The young lady is extremely happy; she has her head thrown back and has a gigantic smile. The young lady is obviously eating healthy. The writers of the â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement intertwine the emotion of the picture with the words of the banner, â€Å"eat healthier, live happier. † The â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† Advertisement is directed towards the younger generation of women. Contemporary women are concerned about their appearance and weight. Most young women will do anything to lose weight. The â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement features a late twenties to mid thirties young lady, who is very satisfied with her appearance. Most readers of People magazine are young women, which is why the â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement appeals to them so much. Readers want to be as happy as the young lady in the â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement. Potential customers will be drawn to read the advertisement thoroughly. In conclusion the â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement is very effective because of the informational packed two-page layout, the vibrant colorful picture, and the way the writers of the advertisement intertwined the picture with the emotion of the banner. How to cite The Alli Weight Loss Advertisement, Essay examples

The Lake free essay sample

Get home as fast as I can and hope Dad has eaten and is ready to go. All that is going on in the world is put on hold. It’s time to go water skiing! Run down stairs to get my swimsuit on, run back upstairs to grab my ski. The hardest part of getting ready is getting a fifty-one year old man to move faster. The sun is going down fast. Run to the boat and crank down the lift. The cable whines as the boat is lowered into the water. The lake is a sheet of glass. The boat cuts through the lake like a warm knife through butter. We idle out through the narrows into the big lake. I have been waiting for this moment all day. I put the ski on the teak platform and strap in. I grab the handle and jump into the reflective water. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lake or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The boat idles away and pulls the rope tight. I yell â€Å"Hit it!† the boat takes off. Let the skiing begin. There is no course out today but one isn’t needed. In my head I can see the two gates and six buoys I need to get. I have always been around the lake. Everywhere I go, a lake seems to be involved. My parents started me swimming and tubing at a young age. When I got a little older, I started kneeboarding and eventually skiing when I was six years old. When I was eight, I learned how to barefoot ski. I had an advantage over my dad and older brother because of the boat we had. The boat we have has a boom on it making it easier to ski at a young age. They didn’t have the luxury of a boom on a boat. By the time I turned twelve I could slalom ski. Now this is my favorite type of skiing. Slalom skiing is skiing on one ski. A slalom is course used for more advanced skiers that want to compete.Skiing is a battle against yourself a long as others. Lake activities started as a way to hang out with my family, but now I use them as a get away. My life is very busy and chaotic. Trying to balance baseball, football, and basketball all while trying not to file for bankruptcy. All the chaos goes away the second I step in the boat. Nothing calms me more than going on the lake and skiing. Everyone has a place they use to get away. It may be the woods, grandmas house or maybe a just reading a book: for me, it’s the lake. Stress can build quickly in life. I know a little time on the lake can help me get rid of my problems.I can strike out five times in a baseball game and go ski with my dad afterward and still count it as a good day. I can tell when it’s been too long since the last time I’ve skied. My stress levels are higher than normal, I am on my last nerve more often. As Cach Ladouceur said in When the Game Stands Tall â€Å"I got caught up in the streak and it nearly killed me.† This happens to many people. Stepping away from the daily life can reduce stress levels and bring more happiness. The lake has brought my family closer. There is not a member in my family I don’t share a lake memory with. Many days I don’t see or talk to my dad until we get in the boat. When both of us have skied until we’re exhausted,then we can talk. The lake is motionless during the week, making a great place for a conversation. The two of us sit in the boat talking about what has happened. We try not to talk too loud so our voices don’t echo. I have learned more about my dad from sitting in the boat with him than anything else. The lake has definitely been a great connection between my dad and me. One last run before the sun goes down. The boat coughs as it pulls away to tighten the rope. I yell â€Å"Hit it!† one last time. I’m pulled out of the water. Six more cuts around the buoys laid out in my head. Lay the ski on its side and stack myself against the ski. Cut back and forth as we head into the sunset. Let go of the rope as the boat turns. Climb in and say goodbye to the lake, but not for long.

The Coca-Cola Company Essay Example Essay Example

The Coca-Cola Company Essay Example Paper The Coca-Cola Company Essay Introduction The Coca-Cola Company has its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia and was invented in 1886. Its overall heads include the CEO, chairman and executive vice president (Coca-Cola Company, 2014). Since early 20th century, Coca- Cola Company has climbed the success ladder to compete with economic giants in the global market. The key strongholds that have contributed to the success of Coca-Cola Company over the years include proper marketing, innovation and globalization. Marketing application is through advertising techniques in TV commercials and participation of leaders in marketing. This tatter is how chief executives moved through villages and slums to make sure their product was in every spot of the world (Wise, 1999). TO their innovative part, Coca-Cola has had to take a deliberate move from offering a single core product to a variety of beverages to cater to the diverse tastes and preferences in people. Their globalization aspect stems on establishing lasting us applier and customer p artnerships that enabled them to further supply their products to numerous markets in the entire world. Coca-Cola has had to face competitors in their line of products such as PepsiCo Inc and DRP Pepper Snapped Group, formerly known as, Catbird Choppers Americas Beverages. The companies have used the same success tools that Coca-Cola has kept in place to be more competitive and have a market share of the beverages industry (Zamia, N. 2009). According to PepsiCo Inc (2014), their innovativeness has created a total of 22 brands to satisfy different tastes and preferences of its consumers. This has made PepsiCo Inc reach more consumers. The Coca-Cola Company Essay Body Paragraphs A similar move has been made by DRP Pepper Snapped Group who has created multiple brands to more than 50, which have different flavors ND have been used by different customers in the entire world (DRP Pepper Snapped Group, 2014). Globalization has set in motion for PepsiCo Inc and DRP Pepper Snapped Group, branding by PepsiCo to entire schools, Pepsi- The Official Soft Drink of Cayuga secondary’ school. Through such a move, PepsiCo has penetrated many markets to sell their products by establishing themselves as a global beverage business. However, DRP Pepper Snapped Group haven’t been left behind, and their effort on globalization is highly obvious. DRP Pepper Snapped Group has embraced its first step to globalization hat included buying back its distribution rights in the Asian-Pacific region for its non carbonated beverage drinks including Snapped, a move that automatically exposed them to World’s fastest growing market (Joseph and Oval, 2009). While focusing o n marketing, PepsiCo Inc has branded several schools in different nations, a key strategy in their tools of marketing. DRP Pepper Snapped has decided to tap the largest growing market in the entire world. PepsiCo Inc and DRP Pepper Snapped Group innovativeness cannot be underestimated. PepsiCo Inc has the ability to reach more than 200 nationalities and territories with their brands. They have been able to make their highest sales from global markets (PepsiCo Inc, 2014). Relating to DRP Pepper Snapped Group, their beverages have become renowned due to the various brands they offer. The individual brands of the DRP Pepper Snapped Group have gained favor from many cultures which have adored the brands of Versos, Royal Crown Cola and Squirt. As these tools of innovativeness may lead to large sales volume and popularity, DRP Pepper and Pepsi, people might say their old-fashioned, a simulation of Coca-Cola in these markets, more consumers will shy away from their products (DRP Pepper Sna pped Group 014). Globalization being fully addressed by DRP Pepper Snapped Group and PepsiCo Inc may lead to their respective success in the beverage industry. PepsiCo Inc has tactfully touched the hearts of many parents, students, teachers and workers involved in the branded schools. They have distributed their products in these schools while offering financial help. For the DRP Pepper Snapped Group, they now have access to the highest populations in the world which will translate to high sales after they successfully obtained their Asia-Pacific distribution rights back. The expansion of DRP Pepper Snapped Group to markets of Malaysia, Australia, China, Singapore and more; will bring enormous revenue growth and expansion. The negative side on these companies’ globalization is the period of establishing themselves in that market and the competition from the likes of Coca-Cola. Marketing by PepsiCo and DRP Pepper Snapped may lead to new customers and increase in sales. They ma y drain their funds reserve and make many losses in the short term, an aspect that may translate to incompetence in business dealings. The code of conduct of these companies remains very competitive in the global arrest, with consumers and other parties involved anticipating on what is the next move by these companies. Coca-Cola can come up with valuable techniques that set them apart, one that will ensure their code of conduct remains relevant no matter the anticipated changes in forces existing in society and business. A technique as supporting worthy causes of a humanitarian aspect will put them on the leader board. Instead of concentrating too much On sales and business, they can support a portion Of their profits, ideas that do not breach upon a confidentiality agreement. Donating and us porting hunger infested communities which lack water to drink by providing them with their mineral water can go a long way. By spending more time on manufacturing beverages that have low cab or herbal nutrients may make a difference in their code of conduct. With the high acceleration rates of lifestyle diseases such as cancer, the company should be geared to inventions that will add long term value to its consumers and create a better name for the company than having an addictive beverage. Environmental pollution issues and dumping of wastes have resulted from a rarity of businesses. Coca-Cola has had a debatable issue with its bottling and packaging since it started its production. The bottles, cans and packages have caused dumping in many areas, but measures have been put to avoid the pollution (Coca-Cola Company, 2014). First, the materials currently used can be recycled and reused, reducing the amount of dumping which reduces pollution in the long run. This method has stood out as the most effective; 85% of all their packaging materials is recyclable and effective. Dumping has also been reduced by this method (Coca-Cola Company, 2014). The Company s open to packaging ideas that will bring solutions that will ensure little or no effects to the environment. These innovations are welcome, and that they deliver measurable, genuine and long run advancements are highly rewarded. The effectiveness of this process can be seen in the current global packaging mix which uses seven different materials, an invention that was highly appreciated and is currently being used worldwide (Coca-Cola Company (2014). In order for Coca-Cola Company to be up to date with current and prospective developments in their technological area, it has embraced techniques that will ensure it keeps with innovations. The first approach involves partnerships that drive the company’s innovation agenda. It includes the likes of CONCRETE kiosks and social music app by Blacklists that is powered by Spottily. Collaboration helped improve services of supplying water to communities with their joint support with partners and DECK R (Coca-Cola Company, 2014). The other initiative pac kaging has been customized with a link to social media and mobile technology. This enabled sharing content all over the world, and an elaboration of this was the Singapore shareable can and Coca-Cola bottle that had been entirely made f Ice in Colombia. The packaging approach has brought proper delivery of beverages in a quality and happy manner, an aspect embraced by many consumers (Coca-Cola Company, 2014). The Coca-Cola Company has some technological challenges in the process of business dealings, which if not checked will paralyze the operations. These may include: cyber theft, piracy of products and fake distributors who are out to tarnish the name of the business. This employment of highly qualified programmers, skilled software engineers and trained web hosting personnel will come in handy in managing ties, software systems, blobs, and other online protocol the company owns. Licensing of distributors who have a clean profile will cut down on piracy levels and fake distributor s. Mass education and awareness campaigns to its customers should also be launched to educate the people of the company’s portfolio, standards and the identification of genuine distributors through proper certification. The company has also established a lobbying strategy to be used in ensuring that local and national government decisions are made in their favor. The approach used in the past and present include using vast mounts of funds in lobbying which is engaging in lobbying as a business, that try to reduce the amount of taxation applied on beverages. The total number of lobbyists was 38 and had seven different companies lobbying for Coca-Cola Company. The lobbying was highly appropriate in reducing the amount of taxation on its beverages to increase its sales through reduced prices. Coca Cola Company has put immense efforts in the area of global corporate citizenship. We will write a custom essay sample on The Coca-Cola Company Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Coca-Cola Company Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Coca-Cola Company Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Contender essays

Contender essays In The Contender, Jeff Bridges plays the character of Jackson Evans, the President of the United States. Using James Barbers The Presidential Character, I would classify the character of President Jackson Evans as active/negative and perhaps active/positive. In the beginning of the movie, he uses flattery to deceive the character of Senator Jack Hathaway. Throughout the movie, he refers to the nomination of Senator Laine Hanson as the swan song of his administration. From this, you would think he was using Senator Hanson as a tool, a way for his administration to go down in the history books. At times he exhibits a sense of fun and humor, for example, in his dealings with the staff of the White House. That time it felt like he was treating the power he had as President as a joke, like its a trip that he can get what he wants (ex. shark sandwich). Smug, satisfied, intelligent, but is he doing this for personal or professional satisfaction? He seems more concerned with having a smooth nomination, less problems for his administration, than he does for Senator Hanson. Evans has nowhere left to go, he is halfway into his second term as president. Like Clinton, and many before him, he seems to be doing everything he can to make sure people will remember his administration. Only towards the end do you start to feel different about him. His talk with Senator Laine outside the White House, his speech towards the end of the movie, these seem to point towards an active/positive president. He appears to care about Senator Laine. It could have been all an act, been that he was playing Senator Jack Hathaway for a fool. Filling his head up with nonsense in the beginning, will he prepared to attack later on. Could he be using Senator Laine the same way, appearing to care, doing what is necessary to keep her aboard? It also seemed to me, that the he kept away from the daily routine and left ...

Johnnie Walker Marketing Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Johnnie Walker Marketing Strategies - Essay Example Its annual sale grosses one hundred and thirty million bottles globally. The sale of the Scottish whisky in the United States and in China two of the leading global economies portray different marketing strategies that have sustained the company’s success to date in the two regions. International marketing strategy International marketing refers to the marketing function of the management but on a global perspective. International brands such as the Johnnie Walker must have strategic marketing features in order to earn them an effective access of the global market. As an established brand, the company must employ specific features in order to improve its market share (Blackshaw 31). Viewing the entire world as a single market requires the consideration of particular demographic factors in order to facilitate the cost effective and profitable production. The United States and the people’s republic of China are two distinct regions with different cultures. This implies th at the market in the two countries differ and therefore requires diverse management operations. Johnnie Walker employs different international marketing strategies in the two regions some of which are similar while others differ. The company produces different products under the same name. The company brand has more than twenty labels including Johnnie Walker XR 21, Johnnie Walker Black Label Keep Walking New Zealand, Johnnie Walker Black Label Project Black Inspiration, Double Black and the current Johnnie Walker Ginger among several others. The diversification of the brand is a universal marketing strategy that earns each label a specific market. This way, the company expands its market strategy owing to the fact that its products target various markets. The production of various labels is a strategy the company employs in both China and in the United States among its other various international markets (Kotler and & Kevin 91). This way, the company perpetually sustains and grows its market share. America is a country with myriad cultures owing to the conglomeration of its population. This implies that the population of the country has different drinking cultures a feature that influences the consumption of the product, China on the other hand predictable drinking culture arising from its definite backgrounds. However, the two countries have equal economic potential and a rising living standards. Booth economies are industrial with diminishing poverty levels. The countries are therefore offer potential markets for the brand. This explains the company’s endeavors to obtain pieces of the growing markets (Lane 61). The Johnnie Walker whisky brand has existed in the United States for more than fifty years. This implies that the company has a definite market. It therefore carries out progressive market researches and determines better ways of doing business in order to compete with other younger brands. However, the company has both a reputation and a dist inctive market. The company franchises its products in the country (Fournier 41). The Chinese market on the other hand has not had a historical experience of the brand of whisky. Diageo recently launched high society brands of the whisky in Beijing China. This explains that the company targets the high society unlike in the United States where it dispenses several brands affordable to various economic classes. Current marketing strategy

Does democracy help or hinder development Essay

Does democracy help or hinder development - Essay Example Does democracy, used in this context to mean free and fair elections with a peaceful transfer of political authority, allow countries to develop? These questions and many more will be addressed with reference to our analysis of the linkages between democracy and political stability. An analysis of the political and economic situations of Somalia and Iraq, our case studies, will explore the relationship between poverty and political instability and demonstrate whether the absence of democracy and hence political stability, breeds poverty and economic stagnation. Poverty, it seems is a universal feature of the global community. What are the global ramifications of extreme poverty? Fundamentally, does democracy help or hinder development? What is poverty and how can it be defined? The term poverty refers a deprivation of some sort that affects one’s quality of life. Poverty is often described in monetary terms and varies from country to country. Poverty thus is environmentally specific as the idea of poverty will differ in North America and Africa. Many developed countries use a low-income cut-off to gage poverty in their respective societies and a so-called poverty line can be useful for understanding poverty. While very difficult to measure globally, the United Nations frequently uses the analogy of a dollar a day to refer to someone who is poor (for more information on the challenges associated with poverty measurement, see Amartya Sen’s Poverty: An Ordinal Approach to Measurement). How does one define political stability? Theoretically speaking, the term is notoriously difficult to define and definitions will necessarily vary (see Fosu 329-348). Nonetheless, it is integral that the concept of political stability be defined for the theoretical purpose of this essay. Political stability in much of the world is defined as the establishment of democracy and democratic rules of governance. By

Unit 2 IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unit 2 IP - Research Paper Example The model of an open system include the following components; Households, firm, government sector and foreign sector. This model may be presented in the form of an equation as shown below; For example, if the level of exports exceeds imports by $5000 and that government purchases exceed ne taxes by $5000. For us to have a balance between the total injections and savings there must be an injection of $10,000. The inner flow of a simple closed system consist of payments for goods and services which tend to flow anticlockwise (Arnon & Young, 2002). On the other hand, outer flow consists of flow of goods and services which tend to flow in a clockwise direction (Arnon & Young, 2002). In a simple closed economy, households spend all their income on consumer goods immediately after they receive it from their manufacturing firms (Own, 2012). On the contrary, firms sell all their outputs to consumers immediately after they have produced it. In a closed system government sector is include, there are usually three links which try to provide a link between the government and the rest of the world (Own, 2012). The first link is taxes which tend to flow from households to the government. The second link is the government purchases which flows from government to firms. The third flow may occur if government purchases exceed net taxes. Net taxes refers to the difference arrived at between transfer paym ents and taxes. The inner flow in an open system includes; exports payment which flows from foreign buyers to the domestic market (Van, 2010). Additionally, if there have been fewer exports to pay for to many the goods and services imported, there will be a deficit on imports (Van, 2010). This deficit is paid by either borrowing from foreign sources or by selling financial securities to foreign economies (Van, 2010). On the other hand is the outer flow which consists of three links between the domestic economy and

Sigmund Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective

Sigmund Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective Introduction The origins of The Psychodynamic Perspective can be traced to the early work of Sigmund Freud. Using sub headings this essay will identify the main tenets of Freud’s approach to the understanding of human behaviour: his views on determinism; his use of hypnosis as therapy; his belief that human behaviour is controlled by separate yet interlinked layers of the mind (conscious and unconscious); his views on sex and aggression; and the importance he placed on unresolved and unseen conflict involving the ‘ego’, the ‘id’, and the ‘superego’ (Cave: 1999, p.31/2). The work will then explore how the perspective might be used in a healthcare setting, and will assess inherent strengths and weaknesses. Determinism Determinism, the belief that ‘every state of affairs, including every human event, act, and decision is the inevitable consequence of antecedent states of affairs’ (GuruNet: for details see References) greatly influenced Freud who sought to identify hidden causes for human behaviours. His theory is a dynamic process from the early years of a human’s life where the first interactions with others affect the development of the personality, through to the adult years where the person learns and adopts social values. Hypnosis During his time in France, Freud observed the work of Jean Charcot whose use  of hypnosis led to his ‘inducing and curing hysterical paralyses by means of direct  hypnotic suggestion.’ (Gay: 1998, p.49). Later work with Josef Breuer involved hypnosis where patients recalled traumatic experiences and expressed their emotions as a way to release the conflict within; this was the cathartic method. Freud began to develop his idea that emotionally disturbed patients had problems that were sexually orientated, and, as a development on his work in hypnosis he worked on the idea of ‘free association.’ (Nye: 1975, p.11). Instead of sending patients into a trance using his voice, Freud altered the technique of hypnosis so that the patient independently drew forth words and feelings which might be analysed or explained by the analyst. Unconscious and Conscious activity ‘Freud himself regarded the concept of the unconscious as fundamental to psychoanalysis. It is what makes the psychoanalytic approach distinctive; it is the defining characteristic of the Freudian perspective towards human action.’ (Bocock: 2002, P.32) One of the fundamental beliefs behind Freud’s work was indeed his distinction  between the unconscious, preconscious, and conscious areas of the human mind. He stipulated that the unconscious was the governing force where dreams, habits, thoughts and feelings originate from. In order to investigate these phenomenon he used psychoanalysis; as Nye phrases it in The Three Psychologies ‘it is the role of psychoanalysis to unravel the mystery by seeking the sources of thoughts, feelings, and actions in hidden drives and conflicts.’ (1975, p.10). Through using this technique Freud aimed to identify the nature of crucial communications occurring in early childhood which would affect adult behaviour. Dream interpretation is another of Freud’s infamous techniques; occurring when a person is asleep and unguarded he claimed that this was an opportunity for  unconscious drives and desires to manifest themselves through symbolic images. The  waking human mind however is conscious, meaning that it is aware of what is  immediate to it, and the preconscious is the level between. As Nye summarises it: ‘the unconscious consists of all aspects of our personalities of which we are unaware. The preconscious consists of that which is not immediately at the level of awareness  but is fairly accessible.’ (1975, p.13). The id As part of his understanding of human behaviour Freud identified the human personality as constituting three different structures: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is what the human child is born with instinct which contains base biological drives; the id seeks immediate satisfaction of primitive impulses, and operates on the ‘pleasure principle’ (Freud: 1927, p.30), seeking to avoid pain and maximise gratification. The instincts that a person is born with remain with them for life: life energy and death energy, which exist side by side, respectively concern the drive to survive (eat, drink, reproduce), and the primitive tendency to return to the ‘inanimate state’ (Nye: 1975, p.14) which has its origins in the prehistory of the world where life forms were unstable. Sex and Aggression ‘In proposing two psychological entities: our animal selves, in the form of the id, and our social selves, the ego and super-ego, (Freud) directly addressed the relationship between biology and socialisation, and the dynamic between them. For Freud, being human was individual peoples endless negotiation between the two.’ (Bland: 2003). It is precisely such negotiation that causes the varieties and extremes of behaviour seen in human beings. As well as the life and death instincts, humans are driven by their sexual drive and their aggressive drive; these being underlying causes of human behaviour. Freud made no distinction between what people might class as ‘everyday’ feelings and sexual feelings. Because humans are animals they are driven to  experience primal urges and desires but simultaneously live in a society where  standards contain and condition human behaviour. Thus, this is where the conflict arises between the drives of the id and the learnt morality of the superego so that anxiety, fear, and neuroses can all be traced to a basic incompatibility of the human  instinct with the socialised world which has evolved around it. The nature of Freud’s concept of aggression is that it is innate and thus a natural state. As one of the most powerful energies within the human mind aggression can cause serious damage mental and physical if it is not released in some way. Freud’s claims that some of the innate destructive energy is never released and so a person harbours the death instinct which eventually overcomes the other drives resulting in death. (Nye: 1975). Ultimately, the emotional life of a human being is destined to be a turbulent one: powerful energies conflict and override each other, and it is the role of psychodynamic therapy to uncover and understand the layers and symbolism within the psyche. A further understanding of these complex processes may be achieved through examining Freud’s concept of the ego and the nature of its functions. The Ego Freud suggested that the ego is a form of mediation between the urges of the id and the learnt morality in the super-ego, evolving as a person grows older in order to help them cope with the world. As the ego develops so does the person’s perception of reality, and a wider view is attained than simply the pleasures of subjective gratification. Freud’s pleasure principle thus becomes replaced by the ’reality principle’ (Stoodley: 1959, p.169). The desires of the id cannot always be realised, so the ego causes humans to convert them into other modes of behaviour;  not only in cathartic sport activities but also in people’s careers. Understanding the work environment in the context of the Psychodynamic Perspective will be discussed later. Freud likens the ego to a ‘a man on horseback, who has to hold in check the superior strength of the horse; with this difference, that the rider seeks to do so with  his own strength while the ego uses borrowed forces. () Often a rider, if he is not to be parted from his horse, is obliged to guide it where it wants to go; so in the same  way the ego constantly carries into action the wishes of the id as if they were its own.’ (Freud: 1927, p.30). Freud’s approach was radical for his time because he saw psychology very much through the same eyes as he saw evolution; as a process involving accumulative and transferable energy. Freud suggested that the energy levels in a person originating from the id and controlled, to an extent, by the ego (depending on circumstances) were affected by restrictions placed on that person by those around them. If these energies were not allowed to have an outlet then the person might suffer from anxiety. A strong ego will therefore develop as the person’s circumstances allow them to adjust to the real world while also going part of the way to satisfying the demands of the id. The Superego The superego incorporates the values and morals of society which are learnt from a person’s parents and other influential figures, and develops as a result of rewards and punishments as the individual grows up. The superego provides the personality with a conscience; a form of overview concerning right and wrong actions, which can cause a person to feel guilty. Freud termed the superego’s internal standard of what a person should be as the ‘ego-ideal’. (Nye: 1975, p.20). The superego is responsible for extremes of behaviour such as introvert behaviour, where  it will concern the person with too many of society’s rules, inhibiting the id and ’immobilizing the ego’s attempts to achieve satisfaction in the real world (Nye: 1975, p.20). On the other hand it can also cause extrovert behaviour where the individual abandons the expected standards of society. Anxiety and defence mechanisms When anxieties develop they can often be explained through the processes which  Freud termed ‘anxiety or defence mechanisms.’ The problem is to do with the  desires of the id they can be controlled by the superego and directed by the ego, but they still remain as very strong inclinations within the psyche. A desire of the id to act in a particular way may be thought of as wrong or punishable and thus creates guilt and tension anxiety within the person. The impulse might be expressed in a disguised form that society does approve of for example becoming a racing car driver or boxer as an outlet for aggression. Other ways of coping with the presence of inner energies are: Repression This is the phenomenon of forcing the uncomfortable desires, painful feelings and memories into the unconscious, only for them to affect our behaviour and mental states on a subliminal level, maybe emerging as Freudian slips or as symbolic imagery in nightmares. It is the job of the ego to try and prevent the ‘forgotten’ thoughts from returning to the conscious mind. Projection This occurs when someone assigns their own negative thoughts to another in order to  absolve themselves of the feeling. Denial Negative aspects of a situation may be avoided if the ego simply does not  acknowledge that they are there; this may be conscious or unconscious. Sublimation When forbidden impulses are channelled into socially acceptable behaviour or a socially beneficial situation for example, an aggressive man might choose to become  a martial arts teacher or a soldier. Alternatively, when a substitute action or transfer  of energy replaces the reaction to the person or object that originally caused the upset it is called displacement. The Psychodynamic Perspective in a healthcare setting Freud’s work has been influential not just in the field of psychology but also in conjunction with the sphere of mental health and social care. His group dynamics where he suggests that a group of people admit the same person a leader into their superego and identify with each other (Cave: 1999, p.57) can help individuals to understand the sometimes complex relations between work colleagues. For example, when a new worker joins a team it takes time to become integrated: Freud would say that this was due to the ‘personal space’ barrier (Cave: 1999, p.58) not yet being broken. Once the person is accepted then the group directs hostility to others outside of it, the barrier changing to a ‘group space’ barrier. More importantly an awareness of group processes can help ‘inform, promote insight, change behaviour or alleviate suffering.’(Cave: 1999, p.50). Understanding the relationships between individuals within a group is crucial for healthcare professionals who work in hospitals and care homes. For example, it could be beneficial to understand what facilitates group cohesion when working with discussion/therapy groups. Alternatively, a patient who is afraid of group work may  be best understood in isolation Freud’s psychoanalytic approach is commonly used in counselling and therapy for drug users, those who have been/are abused, and can be  beneficial to those suffering from obsessions and neurotic disorders. It is vital to have a good rapport and understanding between healthcare workers and patients to provide the best professional environment for recovery. Difficult situations often arise which require tact and discretion such as bereavement and can be understood in terms of Freud’s distinctions between the ego and the id and the conscious and unconscious mind. For example, an unusual pattern of behaviour (possibly anger or guilt) seen in a bereaved person might be attributed to a  defence mechanism which is masking the hidden conflict or upset associated with the death. Critical evaluation of the Psychodynamic Perspective Like all psychological theories, Freud’s is susceptible to heavy criticism because it is one of many perspectives all of which are formed by people trying to study other people making it difficult to attain complete objectivity. Skinner’s behaviourist theory criticises Freud for his belief that many guilt and anxiety complexes are sexually orientated (Nye: 1975, p.52), and there is also conflict between Freudian theorists and those psychologists who view behaviour as controlled by external factors: an example being the issue of suggestion in psychoanalysis and hypnosis. Take for instance, the case study of ‘Dora’ (Cave: 1975, p.37) whose abuse was suggested by Freud to be imagined, the consequence being that after counselling sessions with Freud she showed no signs of improvement. There is discrepancy about the meaning of dream symbols, and the outcome of hypnosis and psychoanalysis is often ambiguous and unreliable. Further problems occur when using hypnosis as therapy because the patient might not be properly under, and, as Freud himself found, they may even fall asleep. Nye notes that Freud used a restricted sample while developing his theory so  that it was not fully representative, and therefore his ideas only have limited applicability. (1975, p.146). Freud’s studies might also have been selectively chosen  to represent his ideas considering the complex nature of concepts such as the Oedipus complex it is unlikely that his findings were reliably consistent. As Webster says in criticism of Freud: (He) made no substantial intellectual discoveries. He was the creator of a complex pseudo-science which should be recognized as one of the great follies of Western civilization. In creating his particular pseudo-science, Freud developed an autocratic, anti-empirical intellectual style which has contributed immeasurably to the intellectual ills of our own era. (Webster: 1995, p.438) A large amount of Freudian theory is indeed based around hypothetical concepts such as the id and the ego, and is restricting in the sense that all behaviour can be traced back to some hidden primal source. Yet it is necessary to bear in mind that much of Freud’s theory has found its way into everyday language such as the ‘unconscious’ and ‘conscious mind‘, the ‘ego‘, etc, and this in itself suggests that the theory makes adequate sense to the human mind. Thus, we are left with a theory that is at the very least plausible but left very much open to interpretation: like many opposing theories evidence can be found for and against it, and it is left to the individual to determine whether or not the theory is acceptable to them. References Bland. J., 2003, About Gender: Freud, the Father of Psychoanalysis. Available from URL (http://www.gender.org.uk/about/01psanal/11_freud.htm). Bocock, R., 2002, Sigmund Freud. London: Routledge. Cave, S., 1999, Therapeutic Approaches in Psychology. London: Routledge. Gay, P., 1998. Freud: A Life for Our Time. New York: Norton. GuruNet, online dictionary, available from URL (www.questia.com). Freud, S., 1927. The Ego and the Id. Contributors: Joan Riviere transltr. London: Hogarth press, and the Institute of psycho-analysis. Messer, D., and Meldrum, 1995, Psychology for Nurses and Healthcare Professionals. Prentice Hall: London. Nye, R., 1975, The Three Psychologies, 3rd Ed. California: Brooks. Stoodley, B., H., 1959, The Concepts of Sigmund Freud. Glencoe: Free Press Webster, R., 1995, Available from URL (JavaScript:parent.bookWindow(../books/bookstz.html l WebsterR_1995) Background Reading Fine, R., D., 1962, Freud: A Critical Re-Evaluation of His Theories. New York: David Mckay. Jones, E., 1953, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud: The Formative Years and the Great Discoveries, 1856-1900. Volume: 1. New York: Basic Books. Levine, M., P., 2000, The Analytic Freud: Philosophy and Psychoanalysis. London: Routledge. Mansfield, N., 2000, Theories of the Self from Freud to Haraway. St. Leonards, N.S.W: Allen Unwin.

The Ethics in Securing the Internet Essay -- Ethical Web Privacy Essay

The Ethics in Securing the Internet Introduction In order to understand the concept of internet security and why it is necessary it would be worthy of analysis to discuss what would happen if not enough of it is provided, meaning that the levels of security are not utilized to the full extents. This is exactly where the big issue of hacking and hackers becomes involved. Hackers can benefit from a wide range of weaknesses in security, break into systems, find the information they need, and eventually change them to fulfill their desire. This, over the years, has resulted in great deals of information loss in big companies throughout the world, causing them to not functioning properly or eventually break apart. This is precisely where the concept of internet security and its great necessity comes into play. Why is Internet Security Needed? To accomplish a good understanding of what internet security is and why we need it, it would be helpful to first go over the concept of internet and a brief history about it to see how it was the first time around, and in what different ways it's been developing since it was first created. The origins of the internet The first image of internet presented by J.C.R. Licklider of MIT in August 1962, envisioned internet as "a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any website."[1] It's worthwhile to mention that concept was a lot similar to what is known as internet today. Having said that, one can see to some extents, the great importance of Licklider's work - back in the 60s - in how it's been influencing our lives eversince. The next major step, along the path of computer networking was made by Leonar... ...kpoint.com/products/downloads/opsec_whitepaper.pdf > 2004 4. Checkpoint software technologies Ltd., Getting Started Guide: What Every Small Business Needs to Know About Internet Security, < http://www.checkpoint.com/products/downloads/sb_getting_started_internet_security.pdf >2004 5. Checkpoint software technologies Ltd., IPSec versus Clientless VPNs for Remote Access,< http://www.checkpoint.com/products/downloads/ipsec_whitepaper.pdf > 2004 6. Eos Development < http://www.eosdev.com/Backgrounds/Back_Petals/EosPetals4.htm > 7. Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Glossary < http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/ld/pubs/compsecurity/glossary.html > (Last updated 10/15/01 8. Checkpoint Software technologies Ltd. < http://www.checkpoint.com > 9. Corporate Automation Group, Hipaaq home < http://www.cag.com/hipaaq/html/hipaaq_md1.html >

Attention levels in children

Topic: Observe a child of under five years and comment on their attention levels in relation to the research carried out by Cooper, Moodey and Reynell ('78). Is their attention at an age appropriate level? Child observed: Hamza Age: 1 year 5 months Attention level develops as a child grows, it develops with age, helping a child concentrate better on his surroundings and learn new things. It is also very important for language development. Hamza is a one and a half year old child who is ery active and is seen getting into mischief at all times of the day.He has a single track of mind when it comes to doing things his way and he is seen playing with his toys for hardly a few minutes at a time. He is fonder of playing with electrical appliances and will cry and whine until he gets what he wants. Then one can see him playing and laughing for a long time. One of his favourite activities is playing with a torch light. He will sit on the floor and play with it, switching it on and off, unti l its atteries run out. Then he starts to whine and his attention has to be diverted with another activity.Hamza likes to open and close the drawers, causing frequent mishaps. At this time, he is not willing to listen to anyone who calls him and does not respond to his name being called out. At times, he screams if he is called over and over again while he is playing with the drawers, indicating that he did not like the interruption. He will rush back into the room and start opening them and exploring he contents of the drawer if someone carries him out and tries to divert his attention.Thus, he displays the rigid attention stage, as he is not easily distracted from his activities. The best way of distracting him is by getting him to play hide and seek. He will forget all about his mischievous activities and rush to search anyone who is hiding, peeping behind the curtains. Then one can see him playing for hours at an end, and frequently the adults get tired of his innocent play, but he continues o play happily, running to go and hide behind the curtains.Here again he displays the rigid attention stage, where he has to be distracted by an activity which he enjoys and the adult ahs to follow his lead, thus motivating him. He displays bouts of anger when he does not get what he wants or when things are not done as he pleases. His rigid attention stage is visible once again when it is time for him to eat. He will not eat a single morsel of food, no matter how he is coaxed until he sees an airplane flying by. As he s busy waving â€Å"Bye! to the airplane, one places a morsel of food into his mouth. After that his mother plays with him as she helps him finish his meal. At this stage he is beyond the fleeting attention stage, as he is better able to concentrate on what he is doing and enjoy his activities. However, he displays clear signs of rigid behavior at this age. Thus, his attention levels are at an age appropriate level in relation to the research by Cooper, Moodey and Reynell.

Case Study of the MAXXI National Museum

MAXXI MUSEUM ­Ã‚ ­ 001.jpg"/> Contemporary Architecture This study will concentrate on MAXXI National Museum and it will supply a comprehensive reappraisal of Contemporary museum architecture ( built in Rome in 2009 ) , designed by the Zaha Hadid Architects. As it was said in â€Å"Museums in the 21stCentury† , there is no uncertainty to state that museum architecture seeks it’s development through the periods, divided into pre- and post-Bilbao epochs. Bilbao ‘s edifices are a assortment of architectural manners, runing from Gothic to modern-day architecture like Guggenheim Museum Bilbao ( construct in Spain in 1997 ) which gives the beggary of modern-day Bilbao motion. Rome has no duty to turn itself into a voguish modern metropolis ; its glorification remainders on the accomplishments of antiquity, the Renaissance, and the Baroque. In mid1990’s a new policy in Rome for ’the publicity of modern-day architecture’ has tried to alter the architectural understatement by its metropolis authoritiess, po licy with different facets, positions and cultural activities, with willingness for freshness. The foundation of the Maxi Museum was followed by international design competition uniting all the new chances. Hadid’s proposal is an impressive urban sculpture with dynamic and indefinite exhibition infinite. To build this essay, and turn out that MAXXI museum is an illustration of Modernism assorted beginnings have been researched. Therefore, its consistence includes Architectural construct and urban scheme, infinite V object, Institutional Catalyst and Contemporary Spatiality. The essay was conducted in the signifier of a study, with informations being gathered via books â€Å"Lubetkin & A ; Tecton: An architectural study† by Yoshio Malcolm Reading & A ; Peter Coe ( 1992 ) , â€Å"Frank O. Gehry: The complete works† by Francesco Dal Co & A ; Kurt W. Foster ( 1998 ) , and the undermentioned articles â€Å"MAXXI Museum in Rome by Zaha Hadid Architects wins the RIBA Starling Prize 2010† by Levent Ozler, â€Å" Zaha Hadid ‘s MAXXI – National Museum of XXI Century Arts† by Zaha Hadid Architects, † Starling Prize 2010 Goes to Zaha Hadid’s MAXXI Museum in Rome† ( unknown writer ) . The early architectural modernism was so sudden interruption with tradition. Raise the streamer of artistic simplification and geometrization, advanced substantiate this aesthetic motto, ethical and political. The technique had become progressive character, and the machine – a metaphor.In the history of the foundation of modernism function has Berthold Lubetkin along with Le Coubusier second- coevals well-known modernist. In 1932, Lubetkin formed the Tecton partnership including Gofrey Samuel, Sir Herbert, Michael Dugdale, Valentine Harding and Anthony Chitty. Main old ages of work for Tecton partnership were the period from 1932 till the effusion of the Second universe war, and their work can be categorized in four sections: Apartments in north London, the work for Finsbury Borough Council, The menagerie work and house undertakings. One of the picturesque undertakings commissioned to construct after earned repute from the designed Regen’s park ( built in London, 1978 ) and Whipsnade zoo ( built in Whipsnade in 1931 ) was Dudley Zoo. Its location is outside Birmingham, in town called Dudley opened in May 1937.The geometric character of edifice consisted 12 animate being enclosures which despite the different maps of the edifices they formed relationship based on close connexion between them which was an early modernist illustration in England. In another manus on the official page of MAXXI museum Zaha Hadid commented that â€Å"the museum should non be seen as an object, but as a field of buildings† . Another manner to back up the touch of modernism is connected with the concrete walls in Kiosks, smallest edifices in the menagerie. Concrete is material typical for this period, and the same building techniques are used in Maxxi museum. In that manner is proven that Maxxi museum was portion of the Modern motion ( modernism ) . Another modernist for this period is half American half Canadian designer Frank Gehry. Among the well-known work of him is ( built in Spain in 1997 ) . The projected was funded and owned by Basque Country Administration, showing good entree for trade concern. The internal organisations of the infinites are distributed in three floors. The cardinal tribunal of the edifice serves as unit point, with unfastened position to the metropolis. Different art galleries fill the infinites with intent to expose impermanent exhibitions, lasting exhibitions and art from populating artist.The stuff for the exterior curving walls of the edifice is limestone and for inside is used plaster. Natural visible radiation is captured via fanlights with the aid of sunglassess control during the twenty-four hours. And as Frank Gehry says for the unconsciously made curved walls â€Å" the entropy of the curves are designed to catch the visible radiation † . With this commendation it is suggested that ap plied scientists along with the designer used scientific cognition, one of the typical features for modernism. In Maxxi museum the fluid and sinuate forms, the assortment and interweaving of infinites and the modulated usage of natural visible radiation is taking to functional model. By mensurating all these of import facet in order to hold this consequence and allow the visible radiation to come into the edifice they highlight the map. Therefore MAXXI museum it was besides used scientific cognition. Once it was said by Frank Lloyd Wright ‘s that the perceptual experience â€Å"form follows function† implies the believes that it is design service to its map. Harmonizing to arcspace.com the chief design thought of Maxi museum it is conected to the usage of the edifice exhibition infinite for ocular humanistic disciplines. Maxi museum walls traversing country and their interfaces define the interior halls of the museum and exterior.Because of the geometric abstraction in Maxxi museum â€Å"Form follows function† , we reach another feature of modernism. Modernism introduces the construct of â€Å" truth to stuffs † which states that the edifice stuffs should be exposed instead than conceal and situated in the appropriate topographic point. An illustration of this is statement is Maxxi museum. With its limited scope of stuffs, such as the walls of open concrete or grey flooring utilizing its defects, it is constructed a sequence. On 2nd floor and 3rd, the touch of daytime can be sense over the glass roof supported by steel prances. They possess a mechanism that helps for the exhibition of pictures and sculptures which are non mounted to the floor. In that why Maxxi museum is modernist edifice. Another designer of the modernism motion was Oscar Niemeyer. After his single development in architecture and a series of undertakings in the metropolis Belo Horizonte, he began to experience passion for egg-shaped forms which links with his fatherland, rivers and even woman’s organic structure form and concrete as a stuff for building. The same stuffs are used in Maxxi museum, another good ground to back up the grounds of Contemporary architecture. Exposed concrete and glass we can see in Peter Behrens edifice called AEG. Wassily Kandinsky was a Russian painter, who worked chiefly in Germany and France. Kandinsky is expressionist and proclaimed himself for Godhead of the first abstract picture, despite concerns that it dates back to consider with an earlier day of the month. His first plants were abstract water-color. His work in life base on ballss through three phases: feeling of external nature, improvisation and works composings. Wassily works and lived ab initio in Munich and subsequently in Russia, but because the conditions of Russian Communism – the censoring of totalitarian government – was forced to emigrate. First assume learning at the Bauhaus in Germany, after the closing of the school by the Nazis escaped to Paris. In 1933 by the National Kandinsky taught in Weimar, Dessau and Berlin, where he met with Russian constructivism. At that clip, the geometry acquired high quality in his art. Forms which are reminding of micro-organisms, but ever picturing interior life of the Was sily. He used an unordinary colour composings copying Slavic folklore. And mix sand with dyes to leave raggedness colourss. Consequently to theguardian.com it mentions that Maxxi museum has different assortments of colourss, such as: Grey, black, white and broad scope of pick mixtures of the open concrete. Our attending is grabbed, from the ruddy abstract elements from the ceiling, positioned in order to demo the modern-day character of the edifice through colour.Respectively of Wissily Kandinsky colour theory based on abstract elements and signifiers, we have proven our claim. Modernism is period with extremely advanced technological development.It categorizes the exposure of the construction, that’s why it could be called the period of Structural Expressionism. High-tech architecture creates new ocular thoughts, and the esteem for economical edifice buildings led to hapless fabrication quality. During the 1880ss it was hard to distinguish this technological betterment from post–modern architecture. This is exemplified in the work undertaken by Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano, Centre Pompidou. As it was reference in archdaily one of the chief design construct thoughts was the typically structural bring outing for modernism. The edifice was dived with the aid of colour coding.Using this system it could be easy recognized the different constituents or country of the edifice. For illustration electrical mechanism was colored in orange and yellow, constructions and stepss were painted in gray.In maxi museum we have exposure of stairway excessively , which led once more to the idea that Maxi museum is modernist edifice. Le Corbusier is a Gallic designer and it was born in Switzerland. He formulated his five rules of modern architecture, in which he remains faithful to the terminal of his life. The first rule is connected with columns – it separates the house from the land through several back uping columns. The 2nd rule is garden – he besides uses gardens on the roof of edifices. The 3rd rule is a little figure of supporting walls. The 4th rule is widely glazing and the last 5th rule is free facade – exterior walls free from their supporting map. And based on those five point rules he adjusted one of his undertakings: Villa Savoye which has large influence over the modernism. With unfastened program and sequence of inclines, he dares the occupants to travel through the infinites invariably. In Maxxi museum the visitant are invited to come in into a series of uninterrupted infinites, instead than the compact volume of an stray edifice. So in both instances we have a incorporate i nfinite. Decision: To sum up, the chief end of the essay was to find and explicate why Maxxi museum is modern-day edifice. Based on several perceptual experiences typical for modernism, it was proven consequently to the construct â€Å"Form follows map † , â€Å" Truth to stuffs † , unhidden constructions and scientific cognition. Maxi is a museum with legion volumes and extension of lines, without centre point, stand foring the circulation of images and thoughts. Building is seen as a 2nd tegument of the metropolis, reacting to the environment, the edifice is seen as artistic s stretching pulling over the fantastic landscape.

Spirituality in the Workplace

Spirituality in the Workplace Introduction General Overview The interest in organizational spirituality partially derives from the necessity to balance organizational performance and to improve the codes of ethics within an organization. Specifically, a growing attention to the workplace spirituality allows people to construct and sustain fundamental values at work and facilitate various management operations and practices.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Spirituality in the Workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Appeared in 1990s, this domain of organizational ethics has captured the attention of the leading theorist examining management and workplace environment (Giacalone and Jurkiewicz, 2010, p. 27). In particular, contemporary researchers are primarily dedicated to the analysis of spirituality with regard to organizational performance and relationships between the employers and their employees. One way or another, this theoretical framew orks provide promising perspectives for successful development and advancement of company’s philosophies and values allowing to adjust to social and cultural changes. In this regard, there is a growing necessity to study various dimensions of workplace spirituality to define how they influence organizational performance, ethical behavior, and overall atmosphere within an organization. Defining Spirituality in the Workplace So far, spirituality was not considered in relation to work and business and organizational workplace could be compared with oxymoron. However, since 1990 and several decades after, a dramatic interest in the examination of this term as an inherent component in understanding organizations and management provide a solid ground for providing a new definition of spirituality. Manz and Neal (2005) provide the following explanation: â€Å"Spirituality in the workplace is about people seeing their work as a spiritual path, as an opportunity to grow personally an d to contribute to society in a meaningful way. It is about learning to be more caring and compassionate with fellow employees, with bosses, with subordinates and customers. It is about integrity, being true to oneself, and telling the truth to others. Spirituality in the workplace can refer to an individual’s attempts to live his or her values more fully in the workplace.† (p. 121)Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analyzing this meaning, organizational spirituality touches upon various dimensions of employed environment such as organizational ethics, organizational performance, integrity, cultural diversity, and psychological factors in relations between managers and their subordinates. Literature Synthesis: Elements of Organizational Spirituality Spirituality and organizational performance The introduction of spirituality and virtuous approaches to bu siness management is largely predetermined by the necessity to increase organizational performance, productivity, and revenues. In this regard, a wide range of researches and reports are dedicated to the analysis of these relations. Cavanagh and Bandsuch (2002) question, â€Å"how does [spirituality] maximize the benefits and minimize the problem of spirituality in the workplace† or â€Å"how does one best judge whether a particular spirituality is ‘appropriate’ for the workplace†(p. 109). In this regard, the scholars pay attention to the fact that spirituality contributes greatly to improving cooperation and motivation. More importantly, they believe that spirituality positively affects organizational performance and productivity thus dictating a person-oriented approach to human resource management. The same position is held by Collins (2010) who also believes that spirituality in the workplace is the main condition for achieving impressive financial per formance and productivity and for striking the balance between company’s goals and ethical and spiritual behaviors within an organization. In particular, the scholar provides an original approach for proving that ethics and ethical codes, ethical decision making, and diversity training are closely correlated with performance analysis. More importantly, the research carried by Collins (2010) provides evidence that proper management of organizational spirituality will lead to the improvement of quality of goods and services and facilitates spiritual development and growth. Examinations of relation of spirituality to organizational efficiency and performance have also been proved by Karakas (2010). Specifically, the researcher has managed to successfully outline the main factors affecting high productivity and organization’s prosperity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Spirituality in the Workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The researcher believes that a successful performance is based on three factors: employee’s welfare and living standard, employees’ motivation and incentives, and employees’ interaction with community. All these factors are effectively enhanced by spirituality. Kolodinsky et al. (2008) have proved the research question provided by Karakas (2010). However, the researcher are more focused on the structuring the main elements of spirituality believing that it should be views through the prism of individual, organizational and interactive aspects. Milliman et al. (1999) agree with this idea that the introduction of the organizational spirituality triggers the increase of company’s profits and provides new incentives and motivation for employees to work harder and more efficiently. With regard to the considerations presented above, it should be stressed that all the researchers have provided completely different positions toward the c onnection between spirituality and organizational performance. Nevertheless, all of them emphasize the importance of spirituality penetration to the workplace. Spirituality and organizational ethics The fact that spirituality and ethics are closely interconnected is undeniable. This is obvious when it concerns the world of business and organizational management, which is another dimension of social world. Therefore, there are plethora of researchers and explorations that provide exhaustive information about codes of ethics, organizational ethics, personal development and how they are connected with spirituality in the work place. Sheep (2006) sufficiently explains two important factors – spirituality in the workplace and ethical dilemmas – with regard to the overall atmosphere within an organization. In particular, the researcher believes that harmonic co-existence of several ethical climates will not provide serious problems, but they can trigger ethical misconception s within differently oriented working teams. In order to eliminate and to prevent such dilemmas, the researcher pays attention to â€Å"quiet desperation† and the problem of instrumentality (Sheep, 2006, p. 538). What is more important, Sheep (2006) suggests a comprehensive approach to solving the problems.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Specifically, he refers to instrumentality, societal good, and individual fulfillment as the main pillars for striking the balance between ethical issues and organizational spirituality. The same view is held by Manz and Neal (2008) who believe that â€Å"[w]hile virues offer a blueprint for ideal ethical and moral workplace conduct, the realities of the market are often largely in opposition to these lofty intentions† (p. 131). The researchers also suggest that performance can often encounter the problems of spirituality and virtue formation because such aspects as compassion and integrity can conflict with high productivity. In contrast to Sheep’s suggestions, Pawar (2009b) provides a completely different view on the consideration of spirituality and ethical issues. Unlike previous statements, the researcher does not refer to spirituality in the workplace as to the cornerstone for constructing and adapting ethical codes, but as to the basics of organizational ethics. Like Kolodinsky et al. (2008), Pawar (2009b) offers a three dimensional approach to the evaluation of various techniques for facilitating spirituality in the workplace. These dimensions touch upon personal, group, and organizational viewpoints on the connection between spirituality and ethics. Judging from the above assumptions and evidence, the connection of spirituality and ethics in relation to organizational performance is quite controversial. Therefore, this concept should be carefully considered before introduced in the working environment. Spirituality, religion, and social interaction in the business world The contradictions derived from considering organization spirituality are largely connected with wrong understanding of this definition. The problem is that religion and spirituality are closely interconnected because religion can be considered as the main source of spirituality (Manz and Neal, 2008, p. 121). However, this is only one of the basic components included in t his definition which are not properly revealed and explained. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the differences between those terms because there are people are spiritual enough, but do not belong to any of the known religions. Some researchers believe that spirituality in the workplace does not presuppose religion as its main component (Pavlovich and Corner, 2009). The scholars insist on the idea that organizational spirituality identifies various techniques for consolidating and connecting employees. More importantly, Pavlovich and Corner (2009) provide comprehensive models for analyzing environmental and social issues and connect spirituality management with ecological levels. In the studies provides by Pawar (2009a), there is no mentioning about religion as the basic precursor of workplace spirituality. Instead, the scholar provides that this phenomenon is constructed on the basis of self-interest transcendence, organizational behavior, transformational leadership, proce dural justice, and organizational support. Being the main concepts of organizational behavior, spirituality, thus, is presented as a component of organizational ethics where religion cannot be considered, or should be presented apart from business ethics. In order to separate religion from spirituality it is necessary to consider several dimensions these two aspects encounter. According to Hill and Smith (2003), religion is more community focused while spirituality tend to be more individualistic; religion is more observable, measurable, and objective while spirituality is less visible and quantifiable and more objective†¦.religion tend to be behavior-oriented with an emphasis on outward practices while spirituality tend to be more emotionally oriented and inwardly directed;†¦and religion is more oriented toward doctrine, especially that which distinguishes good from evil while spirituality stresses harmony and unity and is less concerned with doctrine (p. 233). With regar d to these distinctions, it is possible to conclude that spirituality and religion create a two-polar opposition where the coincident point can be observed in case emotional and inward states of an individual are based on religious concerns only. Alternatively, considering spirituality and religious are homogenous terms can lead disorganization and misconception of the established theories and approaches. In particular, according to Hicks (2003) spirituality should be presented in the opposition to religion; otherwise, it can create negative connotations in the employed environment. Therefore, spirituality should be set prior to religions to avoid frictions and conflicts in the workplace. Summing up the presented evidence, spirituality in the workplace is based on numerous aspects and influences among which are organizational behavior, leadership, organizational ethics, self-interest transcendence, and religion. It should be emphasized that the latter provokes numerous controversies because it is often confused with the spirituality in the workplace. Hence, the analysis of differences and peculiarities has revealed that religion may serve as a component of organizational spirituality, but it does not provide fundamental conceptions for constructing business ethics. Discussion and Findings An in-depth examination and assessment of the presented sources have infused several valuable assumptions and findings concerning different dimensions of spirituality in the work place. This specifically relates to the ethical dilemmas in the business environment, strategies for handling an organizational behavior, factors affecting an organizational performance and productivity, and the main elements of spirituality. In addition, the definition and explanation of the term has also been identified. To begin with, the literature analysis has provided several discoveries concerning organizational spirituality and performance. Specifically, it has been found that the majority of the researchers (Cavanagh and Bandsuch, 2002; Collins, 2010; Karakas, 2010; Kolodinsky et al., 2008; Milliman, 1999) agree with the assumption that this aspect positively influences company’s performance and employees’ performance because meeting workers’ spiritual and ethical requirements provides more incentives and more solid motivations for working harder. Second, there are some difficulties in defining the relations between spirituality and ethical issues due to some reasons. Hence, it has been found that such controversy is predetermined by various theoretical orientations of both terms with regard to organizational management. Hence, spirituality is more individual oriented, it provides subjective outlooks and positions that should be tackled carefully by organization (Sheep, 2006; Manz and Neal, 2009; Pawar, 2009). More importantly, it is more connected with cultural and emotional diversities that are sometimes difficult to adjust because they may contr adict some established conceptions within an organization. In contrast, organizational ethics is more concerned with inventing some integral and universal concepts that could contribute to establishing favorable working environment and to meeting high levels of performance and productivity. Third, religion and spirituality are not identical notions, specifically with regard to organizational ethics and behavior. Certainly, both spirituality and religions have similarities if considering them apart from the business world. But within it, spirituality prevails where religion may be included only as one of the components along with leadership, organizational behavior, self-interest transcendence (Hill and Smith 2003; Hicks, 2003). At the same time, businesses should treat religion carefully cultivating tolerance and respect being the basic of cultural considerations. All it can be seen spirituality involves a plethora of complicated issues and dilemmas that are carefully studied and co nsidered at interdisciplinary level. This also implies that organizational spirituality is, indeed, crucial for constructing efficient strategies in the field of human resource management and organizational ethics. Limitations to the Presented Literature The majority of the selected scholarly works provides positive perspectives and connotations for introducing organization spirituality. However, little research has been done to analyze the reasons and negative outcomes of implementing spirituality in the workplace. Mostly all reviewed works relate to the analysis of spirituality from the viewpoint of organizational ethics. Specifically, the point is that this notion is not considered as a separate concept, but inherently affiliated to ethical and cultural considerations. Another explicit gap presented in the researches is absence of sufficient models for implementing spirituality in the workplace with regard to psychological factors and professional growth issue. Rather, the introd uction is primarily aimed at improving organizational productivity and performance. Consequently, there is a great distinction between spirituality in the workplace and that presented in the community. The latter is closely associated with individuals’ religious concerns rather with inward emotional state. Finally, there are no accurate studies dedicated to the measurement of spirituality with regard to different organizations. In particular, irrelevant identification of spiritual goals and approaches can lead to theories ethical conflicts. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the meaning of organizational spirituality to keep pace with recent cultural, social, and political changes. This can serve as serious reasons for further researchers in this field. Conclusion The spirituality in the workplace is connected with a wide range of disciplines and studies. Specifically, this notion concerns such areas as human resource management, business ethics, and organizational behavior , and conflict management. The examination and assessment of presented theories and models for treating organizational spirituality provides great perspectives for further exploration and encouragement for building company’s values and codes of ethics and allows to establish a more favorable ground for adapting to cultural and social shifts. The analysis and review of presented scholarly sources has proved numerous hypotheses and provides a solid ground for further explorations. More importantly, the review has also presented the most urgent problem connected with organizational ethics and establishing spirituality in the work place. The concerns are specifically connected with failure to correctly define the essence of spirituality which is often confused with religion. Numerous findings have proved that these concepts belong to completely different dimensions and studies, especially when they are considered in relation to business and management. Another problem occurs when searching place for spirituality within the ethical frameworks. Ethics and spirituality can also be subjected to a two-polar confrontation because sometime organizational ethics is not congruent with moral and spiritual concerns of individuals. In this respect, there are still many issues and aspect that are worth further examination and discussion to provide more accurate explanations for the place of spiritual issues in the employed environment. Reference List Cavanagh, G. F., and Bandsuch, M. R. (2002). Virtue as a Benchmark for Spirituality in Business. Journal of Business Ethics. 38(1/2), pp. 109-117. Collins, D. (2010). Designing ethical organizations for spiritual growth and superior performance: an organization systems approach, Journal of Management, Spirituality Religion, 7(2), pp. 95-117. Giacalone, R. A., and Jurkiewicz, C. L (2010). Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance. US: M. E. Sharpe SharpeLtd. Hicks, D. A. (2003). Religion and the work place: pluralism, spirituality, leadership. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hill, P. C. and Smith, G. S. (2003) Coming to Terms with Spirituality and Religion in the Workplace. In R. A. Giacalone and C. L. Jurkiewicz. Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance. US: M. E. Sharpe SharpeLtd. Karakas, F. (2010). Spirituality and performance in organizations: A literature review. Journal of Business Ethics, 94, pp. 89-106. Kolodinsky, R. W., Giacalone, R. A., and Jurkiewicz, C. L. (2008). Workplace Values and Outcomes: Exploring Personal, Organizational, and Interactive Workplace Spirituality. Journal of Business Ethics. 81(1), pp. 465-480. Manz. C. C., and Neal, J. (2008). The virtuous organization: insights from some of the world’s leading management thinkers. US: World Scientific. Milliman J., Ferguson J., Trickett D., Condemi B. (1999). Spirit and community at Southwest Airlines: An investigation of a spiritual values-based model. Journal of Organ izational Change Management, 12 (3), pp. 221-233. Pavlovich, K. and Corner, P. (2009). Spiritual Organizations and Inter-Connectedness: The Living Nature Experience. Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion, 6 (3), pp. 209-229. Pawar, B. S. (2009a). Some of the Recent Organizational Behavior Concepts as Precursors to Workplace Spirituality. Journal of Business Ethics. 88(2), pp. 245-261. Pawar, B. S. (2009b). Workplace spirituality facilitation: A comprehensive model. Journal of Business Ethics 90, pp. 375–386. Sheep, M. L. (2006). Nurturing the Whole Person: The Ethics of Workplace Spirituality in a Society of Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics. 66(4), pp. 357-375.

Development of Higher Education in UAE Research Paper

Development of Higher Education in UAE - Research Paper Example The thesis statement is expected to play a significant role in explaining the rationale behind the increasing focus of the government on the development of higher education. The thesis statement gained importance in the view that the economy of UAE has attained rapid growth in the last forty years due to the growth of its primary sector which is the oil and gas reserves. The recent trends have shown that UAE has started to shift towards the mode of knowledge based economy due to the economic fluctuation affecting the oil and gas sector and the emergence of tourism and knowledge based businesses as partial substitutes (Fox, 2007). There are various experts who have identified the growth of higher education in the economy of UAE and the have carried out thesis work on this topic to explore in detail the issues involved in the development of higher education in the region and the ways in which these issues have been resolved. Body   The development of higher education in UAE has been studied by analyzing the issues involved in this field. The examination of the past and present scenario in the education sector of UAE helped in detailed analysis and comparison of the present developments with the past. The researches carried out by several experts on the growth of higher education in UAE provide a comprehensive idea of the factors responsible for the development of higher education in this country. Evaluation of the issues involved in the problem The study on the development of higher education in the United Arab Emirates involves several issues associated to the economic structure of the country. The economy of UAE has experienced rapid... This paper approves that the lack of adequate financial investments in the education sector has been a major drawback for the region. The low enrolment of the students in higher education and drop out of male students in higher education as compared to female students has been prevalent. The lack of quality of teachers and restrictions to freedom of the students in the higher educational process has been addressed by these experts. This paper makes a conclusion that the research on the development of higher education in UAE suggests policy initiatives that could help to address the issues prevailing in the higher education system of UAE. Although the enrolment and attainment rates in higher education of UAE have increased significantly as compared to the past, the quality of higher education in UAE needs to further improve. This could be done by focusing on the establishment of quality educational infrastructure at the secondary level. The improvement in the quality of teaching in schools would generate interest among the students on various subjects like engineering, medicine, science, etc. Thus the enrolment of students in higher educational courses is likely to improve. The drop outs are likely to reduce as the students would realize the benefits of long term engagement through attaining higher education. The education for the male students should be made mandatory. The quality of teachers needs to be improv ed by setting more strict standards for recruitment of teachers. The admission requirements are also required to be set at higher levels in order to maintain the high quality of education standards.

Aseptic Techniques & Cell Counting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Aseptic Techniques & Cell Counting - Essay Example flame loops, put slides in jars of Lysol or Chloros, put pipettes in their proper receptacles, and discard cultures into their appropriate autoclave buckets. Several different methods are used for sterilization and some of which we will use today. The maintenance of sterility requires the use of Aseptic Technique. The object of this is to prevent any form of contact between the sterile growth medium (e.g. petri dish containing nutrient agar) or the pure culture and any source of contaminating organisms. The new student should be aware that it is very easy to sterilize a pipette or bacteriological loop and then to place it on the non-sterile bench whilst picking up something else. Sources of contamination include: Any non-sterile surface, liquids, or air. Air is a very important contamination source because of; free-floating fungal or bacterial spores, liquid droplets, dust particles, dried skin scales, all of which may contain bacteria and/or fungi. Good aseptic technique is crucial for work in microbiology, microbial genetics, or biotechnology. Flaming using a Bunsen Burner is the classic method for rapid sterilization of bacteriological loops, glass pipette and bottle or flask necks. Flaming needs to be done for several seconds, long enough to raise the temperature well above 100 oC. Bottle necks should be rotated in the flame for 5 sec. or so to achieve this. For all basic techniques in microbiology and for today’s exercise in liquid transfer and inoculation, manual dexterity in removing screw-on lids is important. The most reliable technique is to use the little finger to unscrew and hold lids and plugs, leaving the other fingers free to hold loops or pipettes etc. The operator (i.e. you!) is the most likely source of small particles floating in the air and landing on your work. Breathing, coughing, sneezing and talking may all lead to some production of air-borne particles (aerosols) but more importantly respiratory secretions and saliva